Case 01

A 58-year-old woman with a 15-year history of poorly controlled Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus presents with progressive, painless blurring of vision in both eyes over the past 2 months, worse in the right eye. He reports intermittent episodes of seeing dark floaters and cobweb-like shadows, occasionally followed by sudden transient worsening of vision. There is no history of eye pain, redness, photophobia, trauma, or prior ocular surgery. He admits to irregular medication use and poor follow-up for diabetes.

On examination,

visual acuity is reduced bilaterally, more in the right eye.

Fundoscopic examination reveals neovascularization at the disc and elsewhere, along with preretinal and vitreous haemorrhages. Fibrovascular proliferation is noted, with early signs of tractional retinal detachment. Background features such as microaneurysms, dot and blot haemorrhages, and hard exudates are also present.